12/21/2016
PITTSBURGH, Dec. 21, 2016 – Teenage girls in Pittsburgh lag far behind the expected levels of physical activity for U.S. adolescent females, according to a new analysis based on a representative sample of that population. This study was led by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health.
The findings, published online and in a coming print issue of Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise—the journal of the American College of Sports Medicine—suggest that teenage girls living in urban settings may need additional, targeted opportunities for physical activity to achieve the levels reached by their suburban and rural counterparts.
“Sadly, we found that only about 5 percent of the hundreds of girls who participated in our study met the minimum daily activity level recommended by national and international health agencies,” said lead author Bonny Rockette-Wagner, Ph.D., director of physical activity assessment at Pitt Public Health. “Girls who were obese or had given birth in the last year were even less likely to achieve adequate levels of physical activity.”
The Pittsburgh Girls Study has been following girls in 89 Pittsburgh zip codes since 1999. Kathleen McTigue, M.D., associate professor of medicine and epidemiology at Pitt, and senior author of the study, spearheaded a National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded ancillary study to examine step counts in the participants. The goal was to collect information on how many steps girls enrolled in the Pittsburgh Girls Study took on a regular basis. Step counts were measured once a year from 2010 to 2013 using a pedometer. Activity data was reported on over 900 girls who were 14 to 17 years old when the pedometer study started.
Initially, on average, the girls took 5,614 steps per day with very little change in step counts over the four-year period. Typically, 10,000 steps per day is recommended as a daily minimum for girls this age. This level of activity should allow girls to meet the goal of 60 minutes per day of physical activity recommended for youth by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization.
According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which collects data across rural, suburban and urban settings, U.S. females ages 12 to 19 average 9,000 steps per day, compared to 11,000 steps for their male counterparts. The gap between males and females in teen years shows a widening from childhood, when at ages 6 to 11, girls average 12,000 steps per day and boys average 13,000.
“When we take into account that persistent and growing gap between boys and girls, and compare our findings in Pittsburgh to national averages, a concerning picture emerges: urban teenage girls are significantly lagging behind in physical activity,” said Rockette-Wagner. “From previous studies, we know that this puts them at risk for poor quality of life, the development of chronic diseases and other negative health outcomes.”
In the Pittsburgh study, girls who identified as non-Hispanic African-American averaged slightly more steps than their counterparts. Markers of poverty and poorer neighborhood environment also tended to be associated with slightly higher step counts in this population. Based on previous studies in urban populations, this counter-intuitive relationship between poverty status and activity could be due, in part, to the necessity of walking for transportation. However, it should be noted that, overall, activity levels are low for the majority of girls in the study, regardless of race, ethnicity or poverty.
The analysis also found that average steps per hour peaked near the start of the school day, from 8 to 9 a.m., and again in the late afternoon, from 4 to 5 p.m. And, more steps overall were accrued during school hours, from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., than other periods of the day.
“This highlights the importance of school-based activity for these urban youths,” said Rockette-Wagner. “However, this finding shouldn’t underemphasize the importance of opportunities for safe physical activity outside of school. The dominance of school-based activity in our study also may suggest a lack of alternative options for these girls to get out and move when they are not in school.”
Future studies should focus on examining a large group of participants, similar to the Pittsburgh Girls Study, that also include youth living in other metropolitan settings so that comparisons can be made and further insights gained, Rockette-Wagner added.
Additional authors on this research are senior author Kathleen M. McTigue, M.D., M.P.H., M.S., Alison E. Hipwell, Ph.D., and Andrea Kriska, Ph.D., M.S., all of Pitt; and Kristi L. Storti, Ph.D., M.P.H., M.S., of Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
This work was supported by NIH grants MH081071 and MH056630.
