What Factors Help Predict Who Will Keep Their Memory into Their 90s?

PITTSBURGH – Why do some people stay sharp into their 90s, even if they have the amyloid plaques in the brain that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease? And why do others reach their 90s without ever developing any plaques? These questions are explored in a new study published in the July 22, 2020, online issue of Neurology®, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology. 

The study involved 100 people who did not have dementia and were followed for up to 14 years, when they were an average of 92 years old. The people had tests of their thinking and memory skills as well as imaging scans to see whether they had amyloid-beta plaques in their brains. 

“With more and more people living into their 90s and even 100s, it’s increasingly important that we be able to understand and predict the factors that help people preserve their thinking skills as they age and determine if there are any changes people can make during their younger years that can improve their chances of cognitive resilience,” said study author Beth E. Snitz, Ph.D., associate professor of neurology, University of Pittsburgh’s School of Medicine. 

The researchers found that people who had normal scores on the thinking and memory tests at the start of the study were less likely to develop later problems with their thinking abilities, even if they had amyloid plaques in their brains. 

“This finding is consistent with the theory that people with better lifelong thinking and memory skills have a ‘cognitive reserve’ that provides a buffer of protection against changes in the brain,” Snitz said. “They can better compensate for any underlying brain changes.” 

They also found that people with the gene variant called APOE ε2, or apolipoprotein E ε2, which has been associated with a decreased risk of Alzheimer’s disease, were more resistant to developing amyloid plaques than people who did not have that form of the gene. 

People with the APOE ε2 gene version were six times less likely to develop plaques than people without the gene. Although protective, it is an uncommon version of the gene: only 10 out of 100 people in this study had it. Of those 10, seven people, or 70%, avoided plaques, compared to three people, or 30%, who did develop plaques.

Some modifiable lifestyle factors also played a role in successful brain aging. People who never smoked were more than 10 times more likely to maintain their thinking skills even with plaques than people who were smokers. People who had high scores on a blood pressure measure called pulse pressure were more likely to have a greater increase in plaques over time than people whose scores were lower. Pulse pressure is the systolic pressure, or the top number in a blood pressure reading, minus the diastolic, or the bottom number. Pulse pressure increases with age and is an index of the aging of the vascular system.

A limitation of the study was that participants were not randomly selected; they volunteered to take part over a long period of time and were mostly white people, highly educated and in overall good health. For these reasons, the results may not apply to other groups. 

Additional authors on this research publication are Yuefang Chang, Ph.D., Dana L. Tudorascu, Ph.D., Oscar L. Lopez, M.D., Brian J. Lopresti, M.S.N.E., Ann D. Cohen, Ph.D., M. Ilyas Kamboh, Ph.D., Howard J. Aizenstein, M.D., Ph.D., William E. Klunk, M.D., Ph.D., and Lewis H. Kuller, M.D., Dr.P.H., all of Pitt; Steven T. DeKosky, M.D., of University of Florida; and Michelle C. Carlson, Ph.D., of Johns Hopkins University.

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants U01 AT000162 from the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, the Office of Dietary Supplements and the National Institute on Aging; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; P01 AG025204; AG030653; and AG041718. 

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