PITTSBURGH – A new study published online in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry found that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) engaged in substance use at a younger age than those without ADHD and had a significantly higher prevalence of regular marijuana and cigarette use into adulthood.

 

Led by researchers from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, this large multi-site study also found that children diagnosed with ADHD had a faster progression of substance use during childhood and adolescence.

 

“There has been inconsistency across previous studies of children with ADHD and their risk of substance use in adolescence and in adulthood,” said Brooke Molina, Ph.D., professor of psychiatry, psychology and pediatrics, Pitt School of Medicine, and lead author of the study. “This study closely examined substance use by children with and without ADHD over a long period of time, considering that experimenting with some substances, such as alcohol and cigarettes, is typical after teens reach high-school age.”

 

The authors confirmed a finding for the ADHD group that is widely replicated in the general population – that early substance use strongly predicts adult substance use.  However, more of the children with ADHD were found to be early substance users, such as having a drink of alcohol before the age of 15.

 

“We were not surprised to find high numbers of daily cigarette smokers, but we were surprised to discover that so many children with ADHD later used marijuana as adults on a weekly basis, about one-third of the ADHD group,” added Molina.

 

The study did not find higher rates of binge alcohol consumption among young adults with ADHD.  However, the team cautions that alcohol use is still an important part of the bigger picture.

 

“The amount of alcohol consumption was self-reported in a questionnaire where the average age of all participants was 25,” said Molina. “Binge drinking is very common in early adulthood, but given our findings of children with ADHD starting to drink at younger ages, it’s important to continue this research so we know how many young drinkers with ADHD continue to have serious, chronic problems with drinking as they get older.”

 

The researchers followed 579 children diagnosed with ADHD, assessing them at regular intervals during a 16-year period from childhood through early adulthood. This study followed the children at six health care centers across the United States and one in Canada, and included participants of different races and ethnicities, genders, education levels and family incomes.

 

The authors noted that these results suggest a crucial need for routine clinical practice to include early screening and interventions to prevent early substance use, including cigarette smoking, among children with ADHD.

 

“Many children with ADHD end up being cared for in primary care settings, so pediatricians are the front-line treatment care providers and conversations about substance use need to begin early,” added Molina. “When these children are being treated, we need to start monitoring their potential risk for substance use at a young age, and not just treating with medication, but considering the range of factors that increase their risk for becoming dependent on nicotine and for developing substance use disorders.”

 

Molina also added that the marijuana use finding is particularly concerning given the increasing availability of cannabis in the United States and that the risk and consequences for children with ADHD needs further study.

 

Additional authors on this research include Andrea L. Howard, Ph.D., Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada; James M. Swanson, Ph.D., and Annamarie Stehli, M.P.H., both of University of California; John T. Mitchell, Ph.D., Duke University Medical Center; Traci M. Kennedy, Ph.D., Pitt; Jeffery N. Epstein, Ph.D., University of Cincinnati; L. Eugene Arnold, M.D., The Ohio State University; Lily Hechtman, M.D., of McGill University and Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, Canada; Benedetto Vitiello, M.D., University of Turin, Italy; and Betsy Hoza, Ph.D., University of Vermont.

 

This research was supported by cooperative agreement grants and contracts from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and NIDA data analysis grant DA039881. A complete conflicts of interest disclosure statement can be found in the study.