​Degenerative Disc Disease

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a common condition that occurs as part of the natural aging process. Despite its name, it is not a disease but a form of arthritis that causes the joints of the spine to wear down over time.

Many nonsurgical treatments can help manage degenerative disc disease. However, in cases of severe pain or loss of mobility, surgery may be necessary.

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On this page:

• What Is Degenerative Disc Disease?
• What Are the Symptoms of Degenerative Disc Disease?
• How Do You Diagnose Degenerative Disc Disease?
• How Do You Treat Degenerative Disc Disease?

What Is Degenerative Disc Disease?

Although referred to as a disease, degenerative disc disease is a natural part of aging. As people grow older, their spinal discs begin to deteriorate. Just as joints like the knees and hips can develop arthritis over time, so can the spine.

Spinal discs serve as cushions between the vertebrae (bones of the spine). They function as shock absorbers, allowing the spine to bend, twist, and flex.

Each disc has two key components:

• A tough outer layer that provides structural integrity.
• A soft, gel-like core that absorbs impact.

Over time, discs lose moisture and elasticity, making them less effective at cushioning the spine. The outer layer may also weaken or tear, potentially leading to bulging or ruptured discs. These changes can result in back and neck pain, particularly if a damaged disc presses against nearby nerves.

Nearly everyone experiences some level of disc degeneration as they age, though not everyone develops symptoms. If back pain interferes with daily activities, consult a doctor for evaluation and treatment.

How common is degenerative disc disease?

Degenerative disc disease is one of the most common causes of back pain.

Research shows that more than 30% of people in their 20s already have some level of disc degeneration. This percentage increases with age and, by age 40, most people have at least one degenerated disc. Nearly 96% of people over age 80 have significant disc deterioration.

According to a study published in Scientific Reports, degenerative disc disease accounts for approximately 12% of all spinal degeneration diagnoses among older adults each year.

Despite these statistics, many people with disc degeneration experience little to no pain.

What causes degenerative disc disease?

The primary cause of degenerative disc disease is aging.

However, several other factors can contribute to disc deterioration, including:

• Improper lifting techniques – Lifting heavy objects incorrectly can accelerate disc damage.
• Injury to the spine – Trauma from falls, accidents, or impacts.
• Repetitive movements – Activities that put continuous strain on the spine.

Risk factors for degenerative disc disease

Certain factors may increase the likelihood of developing degenerative disc disease, including:

• Dehydration – Not drinking enough water can contribute to disc dryness and shrinkage.
• Genetics – A family history of spine problems or arthritis.
• Poor diet – Nutritional deficiencies can affect disc health.
• Sedentary lifestyle – Prolonged sitting or lack of movement can weaken spinal structures.
• Smoking – Reduces blood flow to spinal discs, slowing the healing process.

How can I prevent degenerative disc disease?

Although aging is unavoidable, there are steps you can take to help maintain spinal health:

• Maintain a healthy weight – Reduces stress on the spine.
• Practice good posture – Helps distribute weight evenly across spinal structures.
• Stay active – Engage in regular exercise to strengthen back and core muscles.
• Take breaks from sitting – Stand up and move around every hour if you have a sedentary job.
• Use proper lifting techniques – Avoid unnecessary strain on the back.

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What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Degenerative Disc Disease?

Symptoms of degenerative disc disease can vary. Some individuals experience only occasional discomfort, while others suffer from chronic pain.

Common symptoms include:

• Back or neck pain – Can be intermittent or persistent.
• Foot drop – Difficulty lifting the front part of the foot.
• Numbness or tingling – Often felt in the arms or legs due to nerve compression.
• Pain that worsens with movement – Sitting, bending, lifting, or twisting may trigger discomfort.
• Pain relief when moving – Walking, changing positions, or lying down may ease symptoms.
• Weakness – Muscle weakness, particularly in the legs or arms.

When should I see a doctor?

Seek medical attention if:

• Pain interferes with daily activities.
• Symptoms persist despite rest and self-care.
• You experience numbness, tingling, or leg weakness.
• You have a loss of bowel or bladder control (emergency situation).

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How Do You Diagnose Degenerative Disc Disease?

To diagnose degenerative disc disease, a doctor will:

• Ask about symptoms and medical history.
• Assess range of motion, reflexes, and muscle strength.
• Conduct a physical exam.

Imaging Tests

If disc degeneration is suspected, imaging tests may be ordered, such as:

• X-ray – Identifies structural changes in the spine.
• MRI – Provides detailed images of soft tissue damage.
• CT myelogram – Uses contrast dye for enhanced spinal imaging.

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How Do You Treat Degenerative Disc Disease?

Nonsurgical treatment options

Most cases of degenerative disc disease improve with conservative treatments, including:

• Chiropractic care – Aligns the spine and relieves pressure on nerves.
• Ice and rest – Can relieve inflammation and allow for healing.
• Medications – Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) help reduce pain and swelling.
• Physical therapy – Strengthens core muscles and improves flexibility.

Studies show that patients who seek physical therapy or chiropractic care early often experience better outcomes and shorter recovery times.

Surgical treatment options

Surgery is considered if:

• Nonsurgical treatments fail to provide relief.
• Symptoms severely limit daily activities.

Minimally invasive surgical techniques allow for quicker recovery and less pain. Some procedures include:

• Artificial disc replacement – Replaces the damaged disc with an artificial one.
• Microdiscectomy – Removes the damaged part of a disc through a small incision.
• Spinal fusion – Fuses two vertebrae together to eliminate movement-related pain.

Advanced techniques, such as endoscopic and robotic-assisted spine surgery, allow for greater precision, smaller incisions, and faster recovery times.

Degenerative disc disease is a natural part of aging, but it does not have to limit your quality of life. With proper care, most people can manage symptoms effectively and maintain an active lifestyle. If you are experiencing chronic pain or mobility issues, consult a specialist to explore your treatment options.

Our specialists offer personalized treatment plans using the latest medical advancements. Contact us to schedule a consultation.

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By UPMC Editorial Staff. Last reviewed on 2025-05-16.