Minimally Invasive Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion (LLIF) Surgery

Minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) is an alternative to open spinal fusion surgery. It is designed to join two or more vertebrae (spinal bones), stabilizing the spine and alleviating pain. Unlike traditional spine surgery, minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion is performed through small incisions in the side, avoiding major disruption to muscles, bones, ligaments, and nerves in the back or chest.

UPMC is a leader in minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion, attracting patients from across the U.S. and internationally for expert care. Our surgeons offer this advanced procedure to address conditions such as degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, scoliosis, and other spinal disorders.

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What Is Minimally Invasive LLIF?

Minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion is a cutting-edge, minimally invasive spinal fusion surgery used to treat instability and pain.

This procedure:

• Joins two or more vertebrae (spinal bones) to eliminate movement between them.
• Restores proper spacing between vertebrae, reducing the risk of nerve compression.

How is minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion different from traditional spine surgery?

Unlike traditional spinal fusion, which requires an incision in the back or front, minimally invasive LLIF is performed through small incisions in the side.

This approach minimizes trauma to muscles, ligaments, and nerves, leading to:

• A shorter hospital stay.
• Faster recovery.
• Less pain.

LLIF vs. TLIF

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is another spinal fusion procedure. Here's how it differs from LLIF:

• LLIF — Performed through small incisions in the side, preserving back muscles and allowing a quicker recovery.
• TLIF — Requires an incision in the back, involving more muscle disruption and a longer recovery time.

Conditions treated with LLIF

Minimally invasive LLIF is effective for treating various spinal conditions, including:

• Degenerative disc disease.
• Recurrent disc herniation.
• Scoliosis.
• Spinal stenosis.
• Spondylolisthesis.

Why would I need LLIF?

Minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion is recommended for patients who experience persistent pain and instability that has not improved with nonsurgical treatments.

Who is a candidate for LLIF?

Minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion may be an option for many patients, but spinal fusion is a significant decision. If nonsurgical treatments have been ineffective, your doctor may suggest LLIF as a treatment option.

Alternatives to LLIF

If LLIF is not suitable for you, other options include:

• Nonsurgical treatments such as:
  • Heat or ice therapy.
  • Over-the-counter pain medications.
  • Physical therapy.
  • Steroid injections.
• Traditional spinal fusion (minimally invasive or open approach).

Risks and complications of minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion

As with any surgery, LLIF carries some risks, including:

• Anesthesia-related complications.
• Bleeding or infection.
• Blood clots.
• Bowel perforation
• Hernia.
• Spinal instability.
• Kidney injury.
• Nerve, muscle, or blood vessel damage.
• Persistent or recurring symptoms.
• Potential need for future surgery.
• Reduced range of motion.

What to Expect from Minimally Invasive Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Before surgery: Preparing for LLIF

Before your surgery, you will undergo a physical exam and may need diagnostic tests, including:

• Blood or urine tests.
• Electrocardiogram (EKG).
• MRI.
• X-ray.

Your doctor will provide instructions, including:

• Arranging for someone to drive you home post-surgery.
• Adjusting medications if necessary.
• Disclosing any allergies or pre-existing conditions.
• Fasting before surgery (usually overnight).

During the LLIF procedure

The LLIF surgery typically takes about an hour. You will receive general anesthesia and be asleep throughout.

The procedure includes:

1. Making small incisions on the side near the waist.
2. Removing the damaged disc.
3. Inserting a bone graft implant to stabilize the spine and relieve nerve pressure.
4. Using plates, rods, or screws for additional spinal support.
5. Closing the incision and ensuring stability.

Recovery after LLIF

After the procedure, you will be monitored in a recovery area. Your doctor will determine if an overnight hospital stay is necessary.

Most patients:

• Begin walking the same day.
• Experience a significantly shorter recovery time compared to traditional spinal fusion.
• Resume normal activities within three to six weeks.

Your doctor will provide guidance on:

• Medication management.
• Safe movements and activity restrictions.
• Signs that require medical attention.
• Wound care and infection prevention.

When to call your doctor

Seek medical attention if you experience:

• Fever above 100.0°F.
• Breathing difficulties.
• Balance or walking problems.
• Numbness, tingling, or weakness in limbs.
• Severe or worsening pain.
• Redness, swelling, or discharge at the incision site.

Prognosis and success rate

Many patients experience pain relief soon after minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion. Recovery varies, but most patients return to normal activities within weeks. Studies show that minimally invasive LLIF improves quality of life in approximately 90% of patients.

Why Choose UPMC for LLIF?

UPMC is at the forefront of minimally invasive spine surgery, including LLIF. Our experienced surgeons use advanced techniques to ensure safer procedures, better outcomes, and improved quality of life for patients.

By UPMC Editorial Staff. Last reviewed on 2025-06-26.