What Is Spinal Reconstruction Surgery?
Spinal reconstruction surgery — also called reconstructive spinal surgery — is a complex procedure in which a surgeon reshapes and stabilizes the spine using various surgical techniques. It is typically performed to correct significant spinal deformities, misalignments, or severe degenerative conditions affecting a large portion of the spine.
During spinal reconstruction, surgeons use bone grafts, rods, screws, and other hardware to realign and support the spine. This approach can treat scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, kyphosis, and other spinal disorders.
Types of spinal reconstruction surgery
Spinal reconstruction surgery varies based on the patient's condition and severity.
Common approaches include:
- Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) – Uses small incisions and specialized instruments to reduce trauma to surrounding tissues, leading to shorter recovery times.
- Robotic-assisted surgery – Enhances precision and accuracy using robotic technology. It is performed through small incisions, promoting faster recovery and reduced postoperative pain.
- Traditional open surgery – Involves a larger incision and a longer recovery time. It is often necessary when minimally invasive procedures are not suitable.
Conditions treated with spinal reconstruction
Spinal reconstruction is used to correct a variety of spinal disorders, including:
Who needs spinal reconstruction surgery?
Spinal reconstruction may be necessary for people with severe spinal deformities, misalignments, or instability that cause pain, mobility issues, or postural abnormalities.
Candidates for spinal reconstruction typically experience:
- Chronic back pain that does not respond to nonsurgical treatments.
- Progressive worsening of spinal conditions.
- Reduced mobility due to spinal deformity.
- Significant spinal curvature or misalignment.
Alternatives to spinal reconstruction surgery
Some patients may be able to manage their spinal conditions without undergoing full reconstruction.
Alternatives include:
- Foraminotomy – Widening of the spinal canal to relieve nerve pressure.
- Kyphoplasty or Vertebroplasty – Procedures to stabilize vertebral fractures.
- Laminectomy – Removal of part of a vertebra to alleviate pressure.
- Microdiscectomy – Removal of a small portion of a herniated disc.
- Spinal Fusion – Joining two or more vertebrae to limit movement and reduce pain.
Nonsurgical treatment options include:
Risks and complications of spinal reconstruction
As with any major surgery, spinal reconstruction carries some risks, including:
- Anesthesia-related complications.
- Bleeding or infection at the incision site.
- Blood clots.
- Nerve damage.
- Nonunion —failure of bones to fuse properly.
- Recurrence of symptoms.
- Spinal instability.
What to Expect Before, During, and After Surgery
Pre-Surgery Preparation
Before undergoing spinal reconstruction, patients will undergo a thorough evaluation, including:
- Blood and urine tests to assess overall health.
- Electrocardiogram (EKG) to monitor heart function.
- MRI or X-rays to provide detailed images of the spine.
Patients should:
- Arrange for post-surgical care and transportation.
- Follow preoperative fasting guidelines.
- Inform their doctor about all medications and allergies.
During the procedure
- The patient is placed under general anesthesia.
- The surgeon makes an incision to access the spine.
- A surgical microscope or fluoroscopy (real-time X-ray imaging) may be used for precision.
- The surgeon reshapes the spine and secures it with bone grafts, rods, screws, or other stabilizing devices.
- The incision is closed, and the patient is monitored for stability.
Recovery and post-surgical care
- Most patients stay in the hospital for several days following surgery.
- Pain management and physical therapy are essential parts of recovery.
- Patients may need to wear a brace to support the spine.
- Full recovery can take several months, depending on the complexity of the procedure.
When to contact your doctor
After surgery, patients should monitor for complications and contact their doctor if they experience:
- Fever above 100.0°F
- Difficulty breathing or walking
- Worsening pain, numbness, or weakness
- Signs of infection at the incision site (redness, swelling, drainage)
- Severe pain that is not relieved by medication
Prognosis and success rate
The success of spinal reconstruction surgery depends on the patient's condition, the type of procedure performed, and adherence to post-surgical rehabilitation. Most patients experience significant pain relief and improved spinal stability, allowing them to return to normal activities.
Why Choose UPMC for Spinal Reconstruction?
UPMC offers state-of-the-art spinal reconstruction procedures performed by experienced surgeons. Our team uses the latest minimally invasive and robotic-assisted techniques to ensure the best possible outcomes. We provide comprehensive pre- and post-operative care to optimize recovery and enhance quality of life.
By UPMC Editorial Staff. Last reviewed on 2025-06-26.
